In this episode Gudrun talks with her new colleague Xian Liao. In November 2018 Xian has been appointed as Junior Professor (with tenure track) at the KIT-Faculty of Mathematics. She belongs to the Institute of Analysis and works in the group Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations.

She is very much interested in Dispersive Partial Differential Equations. These equations model, e.g., the behaviour of waves. For that it is a topic very much in the center of the CRC 1173 – Wave phenomena at our faculty.

Her mathematical interest was always to better understand the solutions of partial differential equations. But she arrived at dispersive equations through several steps in her carreer. Originally she studied inhomogeneous incompressible fluids. This can for example mean that the fluid is a mixture of materials with different viscosities. If we have a look at the Navier-Stokes equations for materials like water or oil, one main assumption therein is, that the viscosity is a material constant. Nevertheless, the equations modelling their flows are already nonlinear and there are a few serious open questions. Studying flows of inhomogneous materials brings in further difficulties since there occur more and more complex nonlinearities in the equations.

It is necessary to develop a frame in which one can characterise the central properties of the solutions and the flow. It turned out that for example finding and working with quantities which remain conserved in the dynamics of the process is a good guiding line – even if the physical meaning of the conserved quantitiy is not always clear. Coming from classical theory we know that it makes a lot of sense to have a look at the conservation of mass, energy and momentum, which translate to conserved quantities as combinations of velocity, its derivatives, pressure and density. Pressure and density are not independent in these simplified models but are independent in the models Xiao studies. In the complex world of inhomogeneous equations we lose the direct concept to translate between physics and mathematics but carry over the knowledge that scale invarance and conservation are central properties of the model.

It is interesting to characterize how the complex system develops with a change of properties. To have a simple idea – if it is more developing in the direction of fast flowing air or slow flowing almost solid material. One number which helps to see what types of waves one has to expect is the Mach number. It helps to seperate sound waves from fluid waves. A mathematical/physical question then is to understand the process of letting the Mach number go to zero in the model. It is not that complicated to make this work in the formulae. But the hard work is done in proving that the solutions to the family of systems of PDEs with lower and lower Mach number really tend to the solutions of the derived limit system. For example in order to measure if solutions are similar to each other (i.e. they get nearer and nearer to each other) one needs to find the norms which measure the right properties.

Xian was Undergraduate & Master student at the Nanjing University in China from 2004 to 2009, where she was working with Prof. Huicheng Yin on Partial Differential Equations. She succeeded in getting the scholarship from China Scholarship Council and did her PhD within the laboratory LAMA (with Prof. Raphaël Danchin on zero-Mach number system). She was member of the University Paris-Est but followed many master courses in the programs of other Parisian universities as well.

In 2013 she spent 8 months at the Charles University in Prague as Postdoc within the research project MORE. There she collaborated with Prof. Eduard Feireisl and Prof. Josef Málek on understanding non-Newtonian fluids better.

After that period she returned to China and worked two years at the Academy of Mathematics & Systems Science as Postdoc within the research center NCMIS. With Prof. Ping Zhang she was working on density patch problems. Before her appointment here in Karlsruhe she already returned to Europe. 2016-2018 she was Postdoc at the University Bonn within the CRC 1060. She was mainly working with Prof. Herbert Koch on Gross-Pitaevskii equations – a special topic within dispersive equations.

References

• Short Interview with the CRC 1173 Wave phenomena
• X. Liao, R. Danchin: On the wellposedness of the full low-Mach number limit system in general Besov spaces. Commun. Contemp. Math.: 14(3), 1250022, 2012.
• X. Liao: A global existence result for a zero Mach number system. J. Math. Fluid Mech.: 16(1), 77-103, 2014.
• X. Liao, E. Feireisl and J. Málek: Global weak solutions to a class of non-Newtonian compressible fluids. Math. Methods Appl. Sci.: 38(16), 3482-3494, 2015.
• X. Liao: On the strong solutions of the nonhomogeneous incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in a thin domain. Differential Integral Equations: 29, 167-182, 2016.
• X. Liao, P. Zhang: Global regularities of 2-D density patches for viscous inhomogeneous incompressible flow with general density: high regularity case, 2016.